High Middle Ages

Ideal: Roman Reunification. Why would Germans want that? Ag + Urbanization + Specialization = Long Distance Trade & Innovation Regional States Holy Roman Empire Otto Of Saxony crowned Emperor by Pope John XII (962) HRE: Internally divided + externally weak Kings v. Prince “ipalities” Investiture Contest Kings appointing Bishops : laymen (non clergy) appointing clergy (lay investiture) Stand Off at Canossa King Henry IV v Pope Gregory VII (1073-1085) Strengthens Secular & Ecclesiastical interdependency Frederick Barbarossa 1152-1190 pushed out of Lombardy by Pope Capetien Dynasty France: Hugh Capet (987) appointed King because of his subordinate position under appointees Slowly centralized France over the centuries (Joan of Arc?) England: William the Conqueror (1066) Brought Norman centralizing authority over Angles and Saxons Italy: Ecclesiastical and Commercial city States Iberian Peninsula: Castile, Aragon, Portugal v Moors Economic & Social Economy outpaced Political Ag Drained swamps, cleared forests, new crops Horse shoes, horse collars Population from 30 – 80 million Labor specialization = urbanization “city air makes you free” Venice, Genoa, Pisa, Naples Baltic Hanseatic league Business techniques Credit and Partnerships Social Strication Estates General 1st Clergy those who pray 2nd Nobles those who fight (Chivalry) 3rd Commoners those who work Guilds Control prices, quality assurance, women’s inclusion Christianity Church inspired literature Economy = cathedral schools Latin, liberal arts, Cambridge, Oxford, Paris, Rome, Seville Aristotle St. Thomas Aquainas Reconcile Christian beliefs Bringing logic to Christianity Common People Saints & Sacraments: Virgin Mary Dominicans of St. Dominic v materialism Franciscans of St. Francis v materialism Medieval Expansion Scandinavia Converts to Christianity Vikings reach Greenland and New Foundland Balkan Influence Knights Templar Knights Hospitallers Teutonic Knights Iberian Peninsula Reconquista Crusades Pope Urban II Council of Clermont 1095 1st recaptures Jerusalem 1099 Saladin recaptures 1187 3rd Richard the Lionheart 4th Sack Constantinople Politically and religiously failed Economically and commercially succeeded