Congenital Disorders of the Reproductive Systems

06/11/24 • 28 min

In typical reproductive system development, recall that the intermediate mesoderm forms the mesonephric (Wolffian) and paramesonephric (Müllerian) ducts and the indifferent gonads; primitive germ cells migrate into the indifferent gonads. These are the structures that become the internal organs of the reproductive systems.

After listening to this AudioBrick, you should be able to:

Describe the normal development of male and female reproductive systems.
Compare and contrast anomalies of the uterus and vagina arising in the female reproductive system.
Compare and contrast anomalies of the testes, scrotum, and penile urethra arising in the male reproductive system.
Compare and contrast disorders of sexual development (DSD): ovotesticular DSD, 46 XX DSD, and 46 XY DSD.

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After listening to this AudioBrick, you should be able to:

Describe the normal development of male and female reproductive systems.
Compare and contrast anomalies of the uterus and vagina arising in the female reproductive system.
Compare and contrast anomalies of the testes, scrotum, and penile urethra arising in the male reproductive system.
Compare and contrast disorders of sexual development (DSD): ovotesticular DSD, 46 XX DSD, and 46 XY DSD.

You can also check out the original brick on Congenital Disorders of the Reproductive Systems from our Reproductive collection, which is available for free.

Learn more about Rx Bricks by signing up for a free USMLE-Rx account: www.usmle-rx.com

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Learn how you can access over 150 of our bricks for FREE: https://usmlerx.wpengine.com/free-bricks/

Previous Episode

Substance Use Disorders: Foundations and Frameworks

Substance use disorder (SUD) refers to a pattern of substance use—be it nicotine, cannabis, cocaine, or something else—that causes significant impairment or distress to the user. SUD is prevalent and growing in the United States and around the world. People of any age may be at risk for developing a substance use disorder. But exposure to and experimentation with alcohol and drugs usually begins in early adolescence. Many adolescents experiment with substances and then taper down or stop using them. Others continue to advance their drug use, leading to a diagnosable substance use disorder with negative health and social consequences.

The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (fifth edition; DSM-5) is the widely accepted and respected guide to diagnosing psychiatric disorders in the United States. Substance abuse has been recognized in the DSM -5 as a mental health disorder for many years. The manual no longer describes substance abuse and dependence separately but instead globally uses substance use disorder with specifiers to determine the severity of the use.

After listening to this AudioBrick, you should be able to:

Define and explain the essential features of substance use disorders.
Describe the epidemiology of substance use disorders.
Explain how the reward pathway in the brain is involved in the development of substance use disorders, and describe how the brain changes during active use and recovery.
Describe the evidence-based assessments and treatment approaches for substance use disorders.

You can also check out the original brick on Substance Use Disorders from our Psychiatry collection, which is available for free.

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Next Episode

Patent Ductus Arteriosis

he ductus arteriosus (DA) is a structure that allows blood pumped from the right side of the heart to bypass the lungs while the fetus is developing in utero. Normally, the DA closes shortly after birth and becomes the ligamentum arteriosum. When the DA fails to close (remains open, or patent) after birth, it is known as patent ductus arteriosus (PDA). This acyanotic congenital heart defect causes abnormal blood flow from the left to the right side of the heart and can lead to heart failure and failure to thrive in neonates.

After listening to this AudioBrick, you should be able to:

Define patent ductus arteriosus (PDA).
Describe the anatomy and intrauterine function of the ductus arteriosus, the normal sequence of changes in the ductus during the transition from fetal to postnatal circulation, and the consequences of failure to close the ductus.
Describe the findings on physical exam of an infant with a PDA, the clinical presentation of a child with a significant PDA, and the diagnostic tests used to confirm the diagnosis of PDA.
Explain the treatment options for a child with a PDA, along with the risks and complications associated with an untreated PDA.

You can also check out the original brick on Patent Ductus Arteriosis from our Cardiology collection, which is available for free.

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