
“Former Senior Indian Intelligence Officer” – R&AW Special Secretary Vappala Balachandran
09/19/23 • 64 min
1 Listener
Summary
Vappala Balachandran (Wikipedia) joins Andrew (Twitter; LinkedIn) to discuss his career and the ancient roots of espionage in India. Bala formerly served as Special Secretary for India’s Cabinet Secretariat.
What You’ll LearnIntelligence
- India’s Research and Analysis Wing
- The Tamil Tigers’ threat to Indian national security
- Intelligence considerations within India-Pakistan relations
- Lessons in intelligence from Ancient India
Reflections
- Intelligence, the 2nd oldest profession
- Transitioning from leader to student
And much, much more ...Quotes of the Week
“There was a lot of pressure. There was a lot of pressure, especially, for example: Certain incidents happening – What would be the repercussions in India? Now, anything that happens in Pakistan, it will have some repercussions in India. And, same thing in Afghanistan, and then all the neighboring countries, we are to watch them.” – Vappala Balachandran.
Resources SURFACE SKIM*SpyCasts*
- Irish Garda Intelligence Chief with Assistant Commissioner Michael McElgunn (2023)
- Venice’s Secret Service with Ioanna Iordanou (2023)
- Indian Intelligence & Cyber, A Conversation with Sameer Patil, ORF Mumbai (2023)
- Intelligence & the World’s Largest Democracy with Former Indian Intelligence Director Vikram Sood (2021)
*Beginner Resources*
- The Entire History of India in Under 10 Minutes, Made in History, YouTube (2022) [10 min. Video]
- RAW: A History of India’s Covert Operations, Y. Yadav, New Indian Express (2020) [Short article]
- Timeline: India-Pakistan Relations, A. Hashim, Al Jazeera (2019) [Historical timeline]
DEEPER DIVEPrimary Sources
- Agreement on a ceasefire between Sri Lanka and the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (2022)
- Pradhan Inquiry Commission Report, 26/11 Mumbai Terror Attacks (2009)
- Lessons from the Mumbai Terrorist Attacks, US Senate Hearing (2009)
- Kautilya’s Arthashastra (1915 translation)
- Thiruvalluvar’s Tirukkuṟaḷ (1886 translation)
- The Police Act (1861)
Summary
Vappala Balachandran (Wikipedia) joins Andrew (Twitter; LinkedIn) to discuss his career and the ancient roots of espionage in India. Bala formerly served as Special Secretary for India’s Cabinet Secretariat.
What You’ll LearnIntelligence
- India’s Research and Analysis Wing
- The Tamil Tigers’ threat to Indian national security
- Intelligence considerations within India-Pakistan relations
- Lessons in intelligence from Ancient India
Reflections
- Intelligence, the 2nd oldest profession
- Transitioning from leader to student
And much, much more ...Quotes of the Week
“There was a lot of pressure. There was a lot of pressure, especially, for example: Certain incidents happening – What would be the repercussions in India? Now, anything that happens in Pakistan, it will have some repercussions in India. And, same thing in Afghanistan, and then all the neighboring countries, we are to watch them.” – Vappala Balachandran.
Resources SURFACE SKIM*SpyCasts*
- Irish Garda Intelligence Chief with Assistant Commissioner Michael McElgunn (2023)
- Venice’s Secret Service with Ioanna Iordanou (2023)
- Indian Intelligence & Cyber, A Conversation with Sameer Patil, ORF Mumbai (2023)
- Intelligence & the World’s Largest Democracy with Former Indian Intelligence Director Vikram Sood (2021)
*Beginner Resources*
- The Entire History of India in Under 10 Minutes, Made in History, YouTube (2022) [10 min. Video]
- RAW: A History of India’s Covert Operations, Y. Yadav, New Indian Express (2020) [Short article]
- Timeline: India-Pakistan Relations, A. Hashim, Al Jazeera (2019) [Historical timeline]
DEEPER DIVEPrimary Sources
- Agreement on a ceasefire between Sri Lanka and the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (2022)
- Pradhan Inquiry Commission Report, 26/11 Mumbai Terror Attacks (2009)
- Lessons from the Mumbai Terrorist Attacks, US Senate Hearing (2009)
- Kautilya’s Arthashastra (1915 translation)
- Thiruvalluvar’s Tirukkuṟaḷ (1886 translation)
- The Police Act (1861)
Previous Episode

“Irish Garda Intelligence Chief” – with Assistant Commissioner Michael McElgunn
Summary
Michael McElgunn (LinkedIn) joins Andrew (Twitter; LinkedIn) to discuss intelligence in the Republic of Ireland. Michael is the Assistant Commissioner of An Garda Síochána’s Crime and Security Intelligence Service.
What You’ll LearnIntelligence
- The history of An Garda Síochána
- The intelligence components of the Garda
- The present state of Northern Ireland relations
- Current threats to Irish national security
Reflections
- The value of collaboration
- Evolving alongside a changing world
And much, much more ...Quote of the Week
“I think people should in general take comfort from the work that is done by intelligence services and the exceptional collaboration that there is with these services to keep people safe. And that is not just at home, that's abroad – Where we come into possession of a piece of intelligence that we feel will be a value elsewhere, we'll share that elsewhere.” – Michael McElgunn.
Resources SURFACE SKIM*SpyCasts*
- Kenya, East Africa, and America with African Intelligence Chief Wilson Boinett (2023)
- St. Ermin’s Hotel, London – The History of a Legendary Spy Site with Stephen Duffy (2023)
- Espionage and the Two Queens with Kent Tiernan (2023)
- The IRA, The Troubles & Intelligence with Eleanor Williams and Thomas Leahy (2022)
*Beginner Resources*
- A Brief History of Ireland, T. Lambert, Local Histories, n.d. [Short article]
- Our History, An Garda Síochána, n.d. [Web page]
- The Troubles, J. Wallenfeldt, Encyclopedia Britannica [Encyclopedia entry]
DEEPER DIVEBooks
- We Don't Know Ourselves: A Personal History of Modern Ireland, F. O’Toole (Liveright, 2023)
- Say Nothing: A True Story of Murder and Memory in Northern Ireland, P. R. Keefe (Anchor, 2020)
- Policing Twentieth Century Ireland: A History of An Garda Síochána, V. Conway (Routledge, 2013)
- The Guarding of Ireland – The Garda Síochána and the Irish State 1960–2014: A History of the Irish Police Force, C. Brady (Gill Books, 2014)
Primary Sources
- Gárda Síochána (Temporary Provisions) Act (1923)
- Royal Irish Constabulary Office Preliminary Arrangements for Disbandment, Garda Archives (1922)
- Orders for the Guidance of the Troops, Garda Archives (1919)
- National Union of Police and Prison Officers, National Museum of Ireland (1919)
- The Police and the Nation, Garda Archives (1916)
- 1916 Proclamation, National Museum of Ireland (1916)
Next Episode

“First of Many…America’s First Female Intelligence Agency Chief” – with former NGA Director Letitia “Tish” Long
Summary
Letitia “Tish” Long (LinkedIn) joins Andrew (Twitter; LinkedIn) to discuss her time as the Director of the National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency. Tish was the first woman to be appointed director of an American intelligence agency.
What You’ll LearnIntelligence
- GEOINT & its importance
- Tish’s recollection of the Bin Laden raid
- The differences between NGO and NGA
- Information sharing between spy chiefs
Reflections
- The value of mentorship
- Being the first, but certainly not the last
And much, much more ...Quotes of the Week
“Make sure that you are taking care of yourself, that you're getting that balance, you know, work life balance. And when I say that, I mean many different things because everybody is different. Whether it's family, friends, spiritual, physical, or working out, you’ve got to take care of all aspects of yourself so you're ready to give 110%. Because that's what the intelligence community takes.” – Tish Long.
Resources SURFACE SKIM*SpyCasts*
- Intelligence, Special Operations, and Strategy with Michael Vickers (2023)
- Leader, Lecturer, Analyzer, Nerd with Jorhena Thomas (2023)
- SPY CHIEFS: “From Navy Analyst to State Dept. Intelligence Chief” with Ellen McCarthy (Part 1 of 2)
- SPY CHIEFS: “From Navy Analyst to State Dept. Intelligence Chief” with Ellen McCarthy (Part 2 of 2)
*Beginner Resources*
- What is Geospatial Intelligence or GEOINT?, Geospatial World, YouTube (2023) [2 min. video]
- Spy Satellite Expert Explains How to Analyze Satellite Imagery, Wired, YouTube (2021) [5 min. video]
- NGA History, National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency (n.d) [Short article]
DEEPER DIVEBooks
- Geospatial Intelligence: Origins and Evolution, R. M. Clark (Georgetown University Press, 2020)
- Facts and Fears: Hard Truths from a Life in Intelligence, J. Clapper (Penguin Books, 2018)
- Manhunt: The Ten-Year Search for Bin Laden from 9/11 to Abbottabad, P. L. Bergen (Crown, 2012)
Primary Sources
- The Advent of the National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency, Office of the NGA Historian (2011)
- Geospatial Intelligence Basic Doctrine, NGA (2006)
- Memorandum to the Director of NIMA on Expanded Use of US Commercial Space Imagery, CIA (2002)
- A Century of CORONA, CIA (1968)
- NGA Reference Chronology, Office of the NGA Historian (n.d.)
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