06: Material AI & the Mineral Supply Chain
03/06/25 • 54 min
AI is often framed as the future of progress, but what fuels this revolution? Behind every data centre, semiconductor, and AI model lies a hidden world of resource extraction, geopolitical power struggles, and environmental destruction. In this episode, we dig into the raw materials powering AI—from rare earth mining to data centres sucking up water in drought-prone regions. Experts Tom Özden-Schilling and Tamara Kneese reveal the true cost of AI’s rapid expansion—its human and ecological toll—and why the conversation on sustainability must move beyond carbon footprints to the messy realities of global supply chains.
You can read the transcript for this episode here.
Speakers
Dr. Tom Özden-Schilling
Tom Özden-Schilling is Presidential Young Professor of Sociology and Anthropology at the National University of Singapore. His first book, The Ends of Research: Indigenous and Settler Science after the War in the Woods, is an ethnography of environmental deregulation in western Canada, and its effects on Indigenous and settler researchers’ struggles to maintain long-term forestry experiments and sovereignty projects. Tom’s current project examines the social costs of green energy transitions through the emergence of new critical minerals research and development initiatives in the United States, Malaysia, and Australia. Before joining NUS, Tom was Assistant Professor of Anthropology at Johns Hopkins University.
Dr. Tamara Kneese
Dr. Tamara Kneese directs Data & Society Research Institute's Climate, Technology, and Justice programme. Previously, she led Data & Society's Algorithmic Impact Methods Lab (AIMLab). Before joining D&S, she was lead researcher at Green Software Foundation, director of developer engagement on the Green Software team at Intel, and assistant professor of Media Studies and director of Gender and Sexualities Studies at the University of San Francisco. She is the author of Death Glitch: How Techno-Solutionism Fails Us in This Life and Beyond (Yale University Press, 2023). Tamara holds a PhD in Media, Culture and Communication from NYU.
Check out the Code Green glossary for more terms.
This podcast series is accompanied by a monthly newsletter - sign up for updates here. For more about this project, visit our website codegreen.asia
Show Notes
Australia's first rare earths processing plant opens in Kalgoorlie
Nvidia: what’s so good about the tech firm’s new AI superchip?
Value creation in the metaverse
AI is often framed as the future of progress, but what fuels this revolution? Behind every data centre, semiconductor, and AI model lies a hidden world of resource extraction, geopolitical power struggles, and environmental destruction. In this episode, we dig into the raw materials powering AI—from rare earth mining to data centres sucking up water in drought-prone regions. Experts Tom Özden-Schilling and Tamara Kneese reveal the true cost of AI’s rapid expansion—its human and ecological toll—and why the conversation on sustainability must move beyond carbon footprints to the messy realities of global supply chains.
You can read the transcript for this episode here.
Speakers
Dr. Tom Özden-Schilling
Tom Özden-Schilling is Presidential Young Professor of Sociology and Anthropology at the National University of Singapore. His first book, The Ends of Research: Indigenous and Settler Science after the War in the Woods, is an ethnography of environmental deregulation in western Canada, and its effects on Indigenous and settler researchers’ struggles to maintain long-term forestry experiments and sovereignty projects. Tom’s current project examines the social costs of green energy transitions through the emergence of new critical minerals research and development initiatives in the United States, Malaysia, and Australia. Before joining NUS, Tom was Assistant Professor of Anthropology at Johns Hopkins University.
Dr. Tamara Kneese
Dr. Tamara Kneese directs Data & Society Research Institute's Climate, Technology, and Justice programme. Previously, she led Data & Society's Algorithmic Impact Methods Lab (AIMLab). Before joining D&S, she was lead researcher at Green Software Foundation, director of developer engagement on the Green Software team at Intel, and assistant professor of Media Studies and director of Gender and Sexualities Studies at the University of San Francisco. She is the author of Death Glitch: How Techno-Solutionism Fails Us in This Life and Beyond (Yale University Press, 2023). Tamara holds a PhD in Media, Culture and Communication from NYU.
Check out the Code Green glossary for more terms.
This podcast series is accompanied by a monthly newsletter - sign up for updates here. For more about this project, visit our website codegreen.asia
Show Notes
Australia's first rare earths processing plant opens in Kalgoorlie
Nvidia: what’s so good about the tech firm’s new AI superchip?
Value creation in the metaverse
Previous Episode
05: AI & Energy Transitions in Asia
For many countries in Asia, pathways to clean energy transitions are complex with continued reliance on coal and legacy infrastructure, a rapidly urbanising economy, and a booming data centre industry. How can we ensure that AI adoption is both safe and sustainable while also fostering equitable energy transitions?
In this episode, we hear from John Cotton & Priya Donti on the enthusiasm of governments in Asia in using AI to improve the efficiency of energy systems & manage energy demand & supply. We discuss AI’s potential to help integrate renewable energy sources into the grid, challenges in the area, environmental impacts & ways to manage them, and the need to invest in capacity building & skill development.
You can read the transcript for this episode here.
Speakers
John Cotton
John Cotton is Senior Program Manager for the Southeast Asia Energy Transition Partnership, UNOPS with a demonstrated history of project development in energy transition, renewables, IT and mining industries. John is educated in the UK at Manchester and Sussex Universities with a B.Sc (Hons) in Mathematics, Software Engineering, and an M.Sc in Energy Policy, respectively.
John has been based in Southeast Asia for 20 years and has overseen projects ranging from EPC contracts for hydropower and solar projects, through policy analysis and recommendations for the multi-disciplinary energy transition challenges faced across the region. Before ETP, he was Climate Change Policy Officer at the British Embassy, Vientiane of Lao PDR, and draws on extensive experience from both the public and private sectors.
Priya Donti
Priya Donti is an Assistant Professor at MIT EECS and LIDS, whose research focuses on machine learning for forecasting, optimisation, and control in high-renewables power grids. Specifically, her work explores methods to incorporate the physics and hard constraints associated with electric power systems into deep learning workflows.
Priya is also the co-founder and Chair of Climate Change AI, a global non-profit initiative to catalyse impactful work at the intersection of climate change and machine learning. She received her Ph.D. in Computer Science and Public Policy from Carnegie Mellon University.
Show Notes
COP26: What Asia pledged, from China to Vietnam and Philippines
PT PLN Indonesia’s State Utility Company
Upgrading and Modernising the Java-Madura-Bali Electricity Control Centre
Renewable Integration - Energy System - IEA
Development of Vietnam Smart Grid Roadmap for period up to year 2030, with a vision to 2050
Review on Machine Learning for Sustainable Energy Systems
Aligning artificial intelligence with climate change mitigation (overview of the multi-faceted relationship between AI and climate)
Climate Change and AI: Recommendations for Government Action (Global Partnership on AI report)
Next Episode
07: Routing Futures for AI in Urban Mobility
As population growth, motorisation, and climate change strain urban mobility in the Asian region, the design and delivery of transport services are becoming increasingly complex. Experts Huê-Tâm Jamme and Kris Villanueva-Libunao explore why cities need equitable, people-centred planning that accounts for existing mobility patterns and what barriers exist to implementing AI for mobility. Hue-Tam emphasises the role of political will in shaping new transport modes that should not only support networks of economic activity but also enhance urban vibrancy and local culture. Kris juxtaposes AI’s potential to improve traffic management, sustainability, and safety with the need for strong data governance and capacity building for equitable AI implementation in the region. Together, they advocate for stakeholders to view mobility infrastructure as systems that impact people’s economic, social and cultural lives.
You can read the transcript for this episode here.
Speakers
CEO, SmartCT
Kris R. Villanueva-Libunao is a leader in digital governance, AI policy, and smart cities including smart mobility. As Executive Director of SMARTCT-Philippines, she leads initiatives integrating AI and data-driven solutions into urban planning, leading projects such as the Smart LGU Assessment and Growth Map to optimise mobility and infrastructure in local governments. Her expertise in AI governance is underscored by her role as AI Country Lead Researcher for the United Nations International Telecommunication Union (ITU), where she advanced policies to enhance gender-sensitive AI adoption in Southeast Asia. Kris has authored publications, including “Artificial Intelligence Policies to Enhance Urban Mobility in Southeast Asia”, and co-developed the Philippine National Transportation Strategy.
Assistant Professor, Arizona State University
Huê-Tâm explores the effects of new technologies on space and society, especially on how people move, work, shop, and socialize in cities, asking how we can shape urban spaces that are more livable, accessible, and equitable? Jamme has led projects on car-free living in the US, automated food vending in France, and the platform economy in Southeast Asia. Her research interests span mobility, retail, transit-oriented development (TOD), and public space. Through her theory of "productive frictions", she explains how motorbike mobility in Vietnam produces high opportunities for commercial and social interactions on city streets; and why the rapid adoption of cars and mass transit will likely reduce the level of urban productive frictions..
Show Notes
Global status report on road safety 2023
JICA Philippines Annual Report 2023, JICA Roadmap for Transport Infrastructure for Metro Manila 2014
Mobility over Air Quality Index (MAQI)
Doing Urban Development Fieldwork: Motorbike Ethnography in Hanoi (2018)
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